# Questions & Answers of Power Systems

#### Topics of Power Systems 93 Question(s) | Weightage 13 (Marks)

In a 100 bus power system, there are 10 generators. In a particular iteration of Newton Raphson load flow technique (in polar coordinates), two of the PV buses are converted to PQ type. In this iteration,

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The magnitude of three-phase fault currents at buses A and B of a power system are 10 pu and 8 pu, respectively. Neglect all resistances in the system and consider the pre-fault system to be unloaded. The pre-fault voltage at all buses in the system is 1.0 pu. The voltage magnitude at bus B during a three-phase fault at bus A is 0.8 pu. The voltage magnitude at bus A during a three-phase fault at bus B, in pu, is ________.

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A three-phase cable is supplying 800 kW and 600 kVAr to an inductive load. It is intended to supply an additional resistive load of 100 kW through the same cable without increasing the heat dissipation in the cable, by providing a three-phase bank of capacitors connected in star across the load. Given the line voltage is 3.3 kV, 50 Hz, the capacitance per phase of the bank, expressed in microfarads, is ________.

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A 30 MVA, 3-phase, 50 Hz, 13.8 kV, star-connected synchronous generator has positive, negative and zero sequence reactances, 15%, 15% and 5% respectively. A reactance (Xn) is connected between the neutral of the generator and ground. A double line to ground fault takes place involving phases ‘b’ and ‘c’, with a fault impedance of j0.1 p.u. The value of Xn (in p.u.) that will limit the positive sequence generator current to 4270 A is _________.

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If the star side of the star-delta transformer shown in the figure is excited by a negative sequence voltage, then

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A single-phase transmission line has two conductors each of 10 mm radius. These are fixed at a center-to-center distance of 1 m in a horizontal plane. This is now converted to a three-phase transmission line by introducing a third conductor of the same radius. This conductor is fixed at an equal distance D from the two single-phase conductors. The three-phase line is fully transposed. The positive sequence inductance per phase of the three-phase system is to be 5% more than that of the inductance per conductor of the single-phase system. The distance D, in meters, is _______.

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A power system with two generators is shown in the figure below. The system (generators, buses and transmission lines) is protected by six overcurrent relays R1 to R6. Assuming a mix of directional and nondirectional relays at appropriate locations, the remote backup relays for R4 are

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A power system has 100 buses including 10 generator buses. For the load flow analysis using Newton-Raphson method in polar coordinates, the size of the Jacobian is

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The inductance and capacitance of a 400 kV, three-phase, 50 Hz lossless transmission line are 1.6 mH/km/phase and 10 nF/km/phase respectively. The sending end voltage is maintained at 400 kV.To maintain a voltage of 400 kV at the receiving end, when the line is delivering 300 MW load, the shunt compensation required is

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A 50 MVA, 10 kV, 50 Hz, star-connected, unloaded three-phase alternator has a synchronousreactance of 1 p.u. and a sub-transient reactance of 0.2 p.u. If a 3-phase short circuit occurs close to the generator terminals, the ratio of initial and final values of the sinusoidal component of the short circuit current is ________.

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The single line diagram of a balanced power system is shown in the figure. The voltage magnitude at the generator internal bus is constant and 1.0 p.u. The p.u. reactances of different components in the system are also shown in the figure. The infinite bus voltage magnitude is 1.0 p.u. A three phase fault occurs at the middle of line 2.

The ratio of the maximum real power that can be transferred during the pre-fault condition to the maximum real power that can be transferred under the faulted condition is _________.

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At no load condition, a 3-phase, 50 Hz, lossless power transmission line has sending-end and receiving-end voltages of 400 kV and 420 kV respectively. Assuming the velocity of traveling wave to be the velocity of light, the length of the line, in km, is ____________.

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Two identical unloaded generators are connected in parallel as shown in the figure. Both the generators are having positive, negative and zero sequence impedances of j0.4 p.u., j0.3 p.u. and j0.15 p.u., respectively. If the pre-fault voltage is 1 p.u., for a line-to-ground (L-G) fault at the terminals of the generators, the fault current, in p.u., is ___________.

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Base load power plants are

P: wind farms.
Q: run-of-river plants.
R: nuclear power plants.
S: diesel power plants.

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Consider the economic dispatch problem for a power plant having two generating units. The fuel costs in Rs/MWh along with the generation limits for the two units are given below:

The incremental cost (in Rs/MWh) of the power plant when it supplies 200 MW is _____.

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A 50 Hz generating unit has H-constant of 2 MJ/MVA. The machine is initially operating in steady state at synchronous speed, and producing 1 pu of real power. The initial value of the rotor angle δ is 5º, when a bolted three phase to ground short circuit fault occurs at the terminal of the generator. Assuming the input mechanical power to remain at 1 pu, the value of δ in degrees, 0.02 second after the fault is ________.

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The synchronous generator shown in the figure is supplying active power to an infinite bus via two short, lossless transmission lines, and is initially in steady state. The mechanical power input to the generator and the voltage magnitude E are constant. If one line is tripped at time t1 by opening the circuit breakers at the two ends (although there is no fault), then it is seen that the generator undergoes a stable transient. Which one of the following waveforms of the rotor angle $\delta$ shows the transient correctly?

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A 3-bus power system network consists of 3 transmission lines. The bus admittance matrix of the uncompensated system is
$\left[\begin{array}{ccc}-j6& j3& j4\\ j3& -j7& j5\\ j4& j5& -j8\end{array}\right]\mathrm{pu}.$
If the shunt capacitance of all transmission line is 50% compensated, the imaginary part of the ${3}^{\mathrm{rd}}$row${3}^{\mathrm{rd}}$column element (in pu) of the bus admittance matrix after compensation is

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The incremental costs (in Rupees/MWh) of operating two generating units are functions of their respective powers ${P}_{1}$ and ${P}_{2}$ in MW, and are given by

$\frac{d{C}_{1}}{d{P}_{1}}=0.2{P}_{1}+50$
$\frac{d{C}_{2}}{d{P}_{2}}=0.24{P}_{2}+40$
Where
20MW$\le {P}_{1}\le$150 MW
20MW$\le {P}_{2}\le$150MW.
For a certain load demand, ${P}_{1}$ and ${P}_{2}$ have been chosen such that $d{C}_{1}/d{P}_{1}$ = 76 Rs/MWh and $d{C}_{2}/d{P}_{2}$ = 68.8 Rs/MWh. If the generations are rescheduled to minimize the total cost, then ${P}_{2}$ is _____________.

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A composite conductor consists of three conductors of radius R each. The conductors are arranged as shown below. The geometric mean radius (GMR) (in cm) of the composite conductor is kR. The value of k is ___________.

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A 3-phase transformer rated for 33 kV/11 kV is connected in delta/star as shown in figure. The current transformers (CTs) on low and high voltage sides have a ratio of 500/5. Find the currents ${i}_{1}$ and ${i}_{2}$,if the fault current is 300 A as shown in figure.

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The undesirable property of an electrical insulating material is

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Three-phase to ground fault takes place at locations F1 and F2 in the system shown in the figure

If the fault takes place at location F1, then the voltage and the current at bus A are VF1 and IF1 respectively. If the fault takes place at location F2, then the voltage and the current at bus A are VF2 and IF2 respectively. The correct statement about voltages and currents during faults at F1 and F2 is

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A 2-bus system and corresponding zero sequence network are shown in the figure.

The transformers T1 and T2 are connected as

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In an unbalanced three phase system, phase current Ia =1(-90o) pu, negative sequence current Ib2= 4(150o) pu, zero sequence current Ic0 390o pu. The magnitude of phase current Ib in pu is

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A distribution feeder of 1 km length having resistance, but negligible reactance, is fed from both the ends by 400V, 50 Hz balanced sources. Both voltage sources S1 and S2 are in phase. The feeder supplies concentrated loads of unity power factor as shown in the figure.

The contributions of S1 and S2 in 100 A current supplied at location P respectively, are

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A two bus power system shown in the figure supplies load of 1.0+j0.5 p.u.

The values of V1 in p.u. and δ2 respectively are

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The fuel cost functions of two power plants are

Plant ${P}_{1}:{C}_{1}=0.05P{g}_{1}^{2}+AP{g}_{1}+B$

Plant ${P}_{2}:{C}_{2}=0.10P{g}_{2}^{2}+3AP{g}_{2}+2B$

where, Pg1 and Pg2 are the generated powers of two plants, and A and B are the constants. If the two plants optimally share 1000 MW load at incremental fuel cost of 100 Rs/MWh, the ratio of load shared by plants P1 and P2 is

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A single phase induction motor draws 12 MW power at 0.6 lagging power. A capacitor is connected in parallel to the motor to improve the power factor of the combination of motor and capacitor to 0.8 lagging. Assuming that the real and reactive power drawn by the motor remains same as before, the reactive power delivered by the capacitor in MVAR is __________.

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A three phase star-connected load is drawing power at a voltage of 0.9 pu and 0.8 power factor lagging. The three phase base power and base current are 100 MVA and 437.38 A respectively. The line-to-line load voltage in kV is ________.

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Shunt reactors are sometimes used in high voltage transmission systems to

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The horizontally placed conductors of a single phase line operating at 50 Hz are having outside diameter of 1.6 cm, and the spacing between centers of the conductors is 6 m. The permittivity of free space is 8.854×10-12 F/m. The capacitance to ground per kilometer of each line is

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A three phase, 100 MVA, 25 kV generator has solidly grounded neutral. The positive, negative, and the zero sequence reactances of the generator are 0.2 pu, 0.2 pu, and 0.05 pu, respectively, at the machine base quantities. If a bolted single phase to ground fault occurs at the terminal of the unloaded generator, the fault current in amperes immediately after the fault is _______

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In a long transmission line with r,l,g and c are the resistance, inductance, shunt conductance and capacitance per unit length, respectively, the condition for distortionless transmission is

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For a fully transposed transmission line

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A 183-bus power system has 150 PQ buses and 32 PV buses. In the general case, to obtain the load flow solution using Newton-Raphson method in polar coordinates, the minimum number of simultaneous equations to be solved is ___________.

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For a 400 km long transmission line, the series impedance is (0.0 + j0.5) Ω/km and the shunt admittance is (0.0 + j5.0) μmho/km. The magnitude of the series impedance (in Ω) of the equivalent π circuit of the transmission line is ________.

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The complex power consumed by a constant-voltage load is given by (P1+jQ1), where, 1 kW≤P1≤1.5 kW and 0.5 kVAR≤Q1≤1 kVAR. A compensating shunt capacitor is chosen such that |Q|≤0.25 kVAR, where Q is the net reactive power consumed by the capacitor-load combination. The reactive power (in kVAR) supplied by the capacitor is _________.

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The figure shows the single line diagram of a single machine infinite bus system.

The inertia constant of the synchronous generator H=5 MW-s/MVA. Frequency is 50 Hz. Mechanical power is 1 pu. The system is operating at the stable equilibrium point with rotor angle δ equal to 30o. A three phase short circuit fault occurs at a certain location on one of the circuits of the double circuit transmission line. During fault, electrical power in pu is Pmax sinδ. If the values of δ and $d\delta }{dt}$ at the instant of fault clearing are 45o and 3.762 radian/s respectively, then Pmax (in pu) is _______.

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A single-phase load is supplied by a single-phase voltage source. If the current flowing from the load to the source is $10\angle -150°$ A and if the voltage at the load terminals is $100\angle 60°$ V, then the

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For a power system network with n nodes, Z33 of its bus impedance matrix is j0.5 per unit. The voltage at node 3 is 1.3 $\angle$10° per unit. If a capacitor having reactance of –j3.5 per unit is now added to the network between node 3 and the reference node, the current drawn by the capacitor per unit is

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In the following network, the voltage magnitudes at all buses are equal to 1 p.u., the voltage phase angles are very small, and the line resistances are negligible. All the line reactances are equal to j1 $\Omega$.

The voltage phase angles in rad at buses 2 and 3 are

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In the following network, the voltage magnitudes at all buses are equal to 1 p.u., the voltage phase angles are very small, and the line resistances are negligible. All the line reactances are equal to j1 $\Omega$.

If the base impedance and the line-to-line base voltage are 100 $\Omega$ and 100 kV, respectively, then the real power in MW delivered by the generator connected at the slack bus is

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The bus admittance matrix of a three-bus three-line system is

$Y=j\left[\begin{array}{ccc}-13& 10& 5\\ 10& -18& 10\\ 5& 10& -13\end{array}\right]$

If each transmission line between the two buses is represented by an equivalent $\mathrm{\pi }$-network, the magnitude of the shunt susceptance of the line connecting bus 1 and 2 is

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The figure shows a two-generator system supplying a load of PD = 40 MW, connected at bus 2.

The fuel cost of generators G1 and G2 are :

C1(PG1)=10,000 Rs/MWh and C2(PG2)=12,500 Rs/MWh

and the loss in the line is ${P}_{loss\left(pu\right)}=0.5{P}_{G1\left(pu\right)}^{2}$,where the loss coefficient is specified in pu on a 100 MVA base. The most economic power generation schedule in MW is

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The sequence components of the fault current are as follows: Ipositive = j1.5 pu, Inegative = –j0.5 pu, Izero = –j1 pu. The type of fault in the system is

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For the system shown below, SD1 and SD2 are complex power demands at bus 1 and bus 2 respectively. If $\left|{V}_{2}\right|$=1 pu , the VAR rating of the capacitor (QG2) connected at bus 2 is

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A cylindrical rotor generator delivers 0.5 pu power in the steady-state to an infinite bus through a transmission line of reactance 0.5 pu. The generator no-load voltage is 1.5 pu and the infinite bus voltage is 1 pu. The inertia constant of the generator is 5 MW-s/MVA and the generator reactance is 1 pu. The critical clearing angle, in degrees, for a three-phase dead short circuit fault at the generator terminal is

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A nuclear power station of 500 MW capacity is located at 300 km away from a load center. Select the most suitable power evacuation transmission configuration among the following options

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A negative sequence relay is commonly used to protect

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For enhancing the power transmission in along EHV transmission line, the most preferred method is to connect a

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A load center of 120 MW derives power from two power stations connected by 220 kV transmission lines of 25 km and 75 km as shown in the figure below. The three generators G1,G2 and G3 are of 100 MW capacity each and have identical fuel cost characteristics. The minimum loss generation schedule for supplying the 120 MW load is

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A three – bus network is shown in the figure below indicating the p.u. impedance of each element

The bus admittance matrix, Y -bus, of the network is

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Two generator units G1 and G2 are connected by 15 kV line with a bus at the midpoint as shown below

G1 = 250MVA, 15 kV, positive sequence reactance X=25%  on its own base

G2 = 100MVA, 15 kV, positive sequence reactance X=10%  on its own base L1 and L2 = 10 km, positive sequence reactance X = 0.225 Ω/km

For the above system,positive sequence diagram with p.u values on the 100 MVA common base is

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Two generator units G1 and G2 are connected by 15 kV line with a bus at the midpoint as shown below

G1 = 250MVA, 15 kV, positive sequence reactance X=25%  on its own base

G2 = 100MVA, 15 kV, positive sequence reactance X=10%  on its own base L1 and L2 = 10 km, positive sequence reactance X = 0.225 Ω/km

In the above system, the three-phase fault MVA at the bus 3 is

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Consider a step voltage wave of magnitude 1pu travelling along a lossless transmission line that terminates in a reactor. The voltage magnitude across the reactor at the instant the travelling wave reaches the reactor is

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Consider two buses connected by an impedance of (0+j5) Ω. The bus 1 voltage is $100\angle 30°$V, and bus 2 voltage is 100∠ 0o$100\angle 0°$V.The real and reactive power supplied by bus 1, respectively, are

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A three-phase, 33kV oil circuit breaker is rated 1200A, 2000MVA, 3s. The symmetrical breaking current is

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Consider a stator winding of an alternator with an internal high-resistance ground fault. The currents under the fault condition are as shown in the figure. The winding is protected using a differential current scheme with current transformers of ratio 400/5 A as shown. The current through the operating coil is

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The zero-sequence circuit of the three phase transformer shown in the figure is

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A 50 Hz synchronous generator is initially connected to a long lossless transmission line which is open circuited at the receiving end. With the field voltage held constant, the generator is disconnected from the transmission line. Which of the following may be said about the steady state terminal voltage and field current of the generator?

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Consider a three-phase, 50Hz, 11kV distribution system. Each of the conductors is suspended by an insulator string having two identical porcelain insulators. The self capacitance of the insulator is 5 times the shunt capacitance between the link and the ground, as shown in the figure. The voltage across the two insulators is

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Consider a three-core, three-phase, 50Hz, 11kV cable whose conductors are denoted as R, Y and B in the figure. The inter-phase capacitance (C1) between each pair of conductors is 0.2μF and the capacitance between each line conductor and the sheath is0.4 μF. The per-phase charging current is

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For the power system shown in the figure below, the specifications of the components are the following:

G1: 25 kV, 100 MVA, X=9%
G2: 25'kV, 100MVA, X=9%
T1: 25 kV/220 kV, 90 MVA, X=12%
T2: 220kV/ 25 kV, 90 MVA, X=12%
Line1: 220 kV, X= 150 ohms

Choose 25 kV as the base voltage at the generator G1, and 200 MVA as the MVA base. The impedance diagram is

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Out of the following plant categories

 (i) Nuclear (ii) Run-of-river (iii) Pump Storage (iv) Diesel

The base load power plants are

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For a fixed value of complex power flow in a transmission line having a sending end voltage V, the real power loss will be proportional to

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For the Y-bus matrix of a 4-bus system given in per unit, the buses having shunt elements are

${\mathbf{Y}}_{\mathbf{BUS}}\mathbf{=}j\left[\begin{array}{cccc}-5& 2& 2.5& 0\\ 2& -10& 2.5& 4\\ 2.5& 2.5& -9& 4\\ 0& 4& 4& -8\end{array}\right]$

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Match the items in List-I with the items in List-II and select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists.

 List I List II To Use a. improve power factor 1. shunt reactor b. reduce the current ripples 2. shunt capacitor c. increase the power flow in line 3. series capacitor d. reduce the Ferranti effect 4. series reactor

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Match the items in List-I with the items in List-II and select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists.

 List I List II Type of transmission line Type of distance relay preferred a. Short Line 1. Ohm Relay b. Medium Line 2. Reactance Relay c. Long Line 3. Mho Relay

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Three generators are feeding a load of 100MW. The details of the generators are

 Rating(MW) Efficiency (%) Regulation (p.u.) on 100 MVA base Generator-1 100 20 0.02 Generator-2 100 30 0.04 Generator-3 100 40 0.03

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A two machine power system is shown below. Transmission line XY has positive sequence impedance of Z1Ω and zero sequence impedance of Z0Ω

An ‘a’ phase to ground fault with zero fault impedance occurs at the centre of the transmission line. Bus voltage at X and line current from X to F for the phase ‘a’,
are given by Va  Volts and Ia amperes, respectively. Then, the impedance measured by the ground distance relay located at the terminal X of line XY will be given by

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An extra high voltage transmission line of length 300 km can be approximateD by a lossless line having propagation constant β = 0.00127  radians per km. Then the
percentage ratio of line length to wavelength will be given by

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A 3-phase transmission line is shown in figure :

Voltage drop across the transmission line is given by the following equation :

$\left[\begin{array}{c}\Delta {V}_{a}\\ \Delta {V}_{b}\\ \Delta {V}_{c}\end{array}\right]=\left[\begin{array}{ccc}{Z}_{s}& {Z}_{m}& {Z}_{m}\\ {Z}_{m}& {Z}_{s}& {Z}_{m}\\ {Z}_{m}& {Z}_{m}& {Z}_{s}\end{array}\right]\left[\begin{array}{c}{I}_{a}\\ {I}_{b}\\ {I}_{c}\end{array}\right]$

Shunt capacitance of the line can be neglected. If the has positive sequence impedance of 15 Ω  and zero sequence impedance of 48 Ω, then the  values of Zs and Zm  will be

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Voltage phasors at the two terminals of a transmission line of length 70 km have a magnitude of 1.0 per unit but are 180 degree out of phase. Assuming that the maximum load current in the line is 1/5th of minimum 3-phase fault current. Which one of the following transmission line protection schemes will NOT pick up for this condition ?

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A lossless transmission line having Surge Impedance Loading (SIL) of 2280 MW is provided with a uniformly distributed series capacitive compensation of 30%. Then, SIL of the compensated transmission line will be

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A lossless power system has to serve a load of 250 MW. There are two generators (G1 and G2) in the system with cost curves C1 and C2 respectively defined as follows;

${C}_{1}\left({P}_{G1}\right)={P}_{G1}+0.055X{P}_{G1}^{2}$

${C}_{2}\left({P}_{G2}\right)=3{P}_{G2}+0.03X{P}_{G2}^{2}$

Where PG1 and PG2 are the MW injections from generator G1 and G2 respectively. Then, the minimum cost dispatch will be

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A lossless single machine infinite bus power system is shown below :

The synchronous generator transfers 1.0 per unit of power to the infinite bus. The critical clearing time of circuit breaker is 0.28 s. If another identical synchronous generator is connected in parallel to the existing generator and each generator is scheduled to supply 0.5 per unit of power, then the critical clearing time of the circuit breaker will

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Single line diagram of a 4-bus single source distribution system is shown below. Branches e1,e2,e3 and e4 have equal impedances. The load current values indicated in the figure are in per unit.

Distribution company’s policy requires radial system operation with minimum loss. This can be achieved by opening of the branch