# Questions & Answers of Databases

#### Topics of Databases 87 Question(s) | Weightage 09 (Marks)

In an Entity-Relationship (ER) model, suppose R is a many-to-one relationship from entity set E1 to entity set E2. Assume that E1 and E2 participate totally in R and that the cardinality of E1 is greater than the cardinality of E2. Which one of the following is true about R?

Consider the following two tables and four queries in SQL.

Book (isbn, bname), Stock (isbn, copies)
Query 1:       SELECT B.isbn, S.copies
FROM Book B INNER JOIN Stock S
ON B.isbn = S.isbn;

Query 2:        SELECT B.isbn, S.copies
FROM Book B LEFT OUTER JOIN Stock S
ON B.isbn = S.isbn;

Query 3:        SELECT B.isbn, S.copies
FROM Book B RIGHT OUTER JOIN Stock S
ON B.isbn = S.isbn;

Query 4:        SELECT B.isbn, S.copies
FROM Book B FULL OUTER JOIN Stock S
ON B.isbn = S.isbn;
Which one of the queries above is certain to have an output that is a superset of the outputs of the other three queries?

Consider the relations r(A, B) and s(B, C), where s.B is a primary key and r.B is a foreign key referencing s.B. Consider the query
$\style{font-family:'Times New Roman'}{\mathrm Q:\;r\;\bowtie\left(\sigma_{B<5}\left(S\right)\right)}$
Let LOJ denote the natural left outer-join operation. Assume that r and s contain no null values.

Which one of the following queries is NOT equivalent to Q?

Consider the following four relational schemas. For each schema, all non-trivial functional dependencies are listed. The underlined attributes are the respective primary keys.
Schema I: Registration (rollno, courses)
Field ‘courses’ is a set-valued attribute containing the set of courses a student has
registered for.
Non-trivial functional dependency:
rollno $\to$ courses

Schema II: Registration (rollno, courseid, email)
Non-trivial functional dependencies:
rollno, courseid $\to$ email
email $\to$ rollno

Schema III: Registration (rollno, courseid, marks, grade)
Non-trivial functional dependencies:
rollno, courseid $\to$ marks, grade
marks $\to$ grade

Schema IV: Registration (rollno, courseid, credit)
Non-trivial functional dependencies:
rollno, courseid $\to$ credit
courseid $\to$ credit

Which one of the relational schemas above is in 3NF but not in BCNF?

The following functional dependencies hold true for the relational schema R {V, W, X, Y, Z}:

$\style{font-family:'Times New Roman'}{\begin{array}{l}V\rightarrow W\\VW\rightarrow X\\Y\rightarrow VX\\Y\rightarrow Z\end{array}}$

Which of the following  is irreducible equivalent  for this  set of functional dependencies ?

Consider a database that has the relation schema EMP (EmpID, EmpName, and DeptName). An instance of the schema EMP and a SQL query on it are below.

 EMP EmpId EmpName DeeptName 1 XYA AA 2 XYB AA 3 XYC AA 4 XYD AA 5 XYE AB 6 XYF AB 7 XYG AB 8 XYH AC 9 XYI AC 10 XYJ AC 11 XYK AD 12 XYL AD 13 XYM AE

 SELECT AVG(EC.Num) FROM EC WHERE(DeptName,Num) IN        (SELECT DeptName,COUNT(EmpId) AS                                     EC(DeptName,Num)        FROM EMP          GROUP BY DeptName)

The output of executing the SQL query is_______________.

Consider  a database that has the relation schems EMP (Empld, EmpName, DeptId), and DEPT (DeptName, DeptId). Note that the DeptId can be permited to be NULL in the relation EMP. Consider the following queries on the database expressed in tuple relational calculus.

$\style{font-family:'Times New Roman'}{\begin{array}{l}(\mathrm I)\;\{\mathrm t\vert\exists\mathrm u\in\mathrm{EMP}(\mathrm t\lbrack\mathrm{EmpName}\rbrack=\mathrm u\lbrack\mathrm{EmpName}\rbrack\wedge\forall\mathrm v\in\mathrm{DEPT}\;(\mathrm t\lbrack\mathrm{DeptId}\rbrack\neq\mathrm v\lbrack\mathrm{DeptId}\rbrack))\}\\(\mathrm{II})\;\{\mathrm t\vert\exists\mathrm u\in\mathrm{EMP}(\mathrm t\lbrack\mathrm{EmpName}\rbrack=\mathrm u\lbrack\mathrm{EmpName}\rbrack\wedge\exists\mathrm v\in\mathrm{DEPT}\;(\mathrm t\lbrack\mathrm{DeptId}\rbrack\neq\mathrm v\lbrack\mathrm{DeptId}\rbrack))\}\\(\mathrm{III})\;\{\mathrm t\vert\exists\mathrm u\in\mathrm{EMP}(\mathrm t\lbrack\mathrm{EmpName}\rbrack=\mathrm u\lbrack\mathrm{EmpName}\rbrack\wedge\exists\mathrm v\in\mathrm{DEPT}\;(\mathrm t\lbrack\mathrm{DeptId}\rbrack=\mathrm v\lbrack\mathrm{DeptId}\rbrack))\}\end{array}}$

Which of the above queries are safe?

In a database system, unique timestamps are assigned to each transaction using Lamport's logical clock. Let TS(T1) and TS(T2) be the timestamps of transaction T1 and T2 respectively. Besides T1 holds a lock on the resource R, and T2 has requested a conflicting lock on the same resource R. The following algorithm is used to prevent deadlocks in the database system assuming that a killed transaction is restarted with the same timestamp.

if TS(T2)<TS(T1)then

T1 is killed

else T2 waits.

Assume any transaction that is not killed terminates eventually.Which of the following is TRUE about the database system that uses the above algorithm to prevent deadlock?

Consider a database that has the relation schema CR (StudentName, CourseName).An instance of the schema CR is as given below.

 CR StudentName CourseName SA CA SA CB SA CC SB CB SB CC SC CA SC CB SC CC SD CA SD CB SD CC SD CD SE CD SE CA SE CB SF CA SF CB SF CC

The following query is made on the database.

$\style{font-family:'Times New Roman'}{\begin{array}{l}T1\leftarrow{\mathrm\pi}_{CourseName}\;({\mathrm\sigma}_{StudentName\mathit=\mathit'SA\mathit'}(\mathrm{CR}))\\T2\leftarrow CR\;\div T1\end{array}}$

The number of rows in T2 is__________

An ER model of a database consists of entity types A and B. These are connected by a relationship R which dose not have its own attribute. Under which one of the following condiditons, can the relational table for R be merged with that of A?

Consiider the following tables T1 and T2

 T1 P Q 2 2 3 8 7 3 5 8 6 9 8 5 9 8
 T2 R S 2 2 8 3 3 2 9 7 5 7 7 2

In table T1, P is the primary key and Q is the foreign key referencing R in table T2 with on-delete cascabe and on-update cascade. In table T2, R is the primary key and S is the forign key refrencing P in table T1 with on-delete set NULL and ON-update cascade. In order to delete record $\left\langle3,8\right\rangle$ from table T1, the number of additional records that need to be deleted from table T1 is _____________________.

Two transaction T1 and T2 are given as

T1 : r1(X)w1(X)r1(Y)w1(Y)

T2 : r2(Y)w2(Y)r2(Z)w2(Z)

Where ri (V) denotes a read operation by transaction Ti on a variable V and wi(V) denotes a write operation by transaction Ti on a variable V. The total number of conflict serializable schedules that can be formed by T1 and T2 is ___________.

Consider the following database table named top_scorer

 top_scorer player country goals Klose Germany 16 Ronaldo Brazil 15 G Miiller Germany 14 Fontaine France 13 Pele Brazil 12 Klinsmam Germany 11 Kocsis Hungary 11 Batistuta Argentina 10 Cubillas Peru 10 Lato Poland 10 Lineker England 10 T Mulle Germany 10 Rahn Germany 10

Consider the following SQL query:

SELECT ta.player FROM top_scorer AS ta
WHERE ta.goals >ALL (SELECT tb.goals
FROM top_scorer AS tb
WHERE tb.country = 'Spain')
AND ta.goals >ANY (SELECT tc.goals
FROM top_scorer AS tc
WHERE tc.country = 'Germany')

The number of tuples returned by the above SQL query is _________.

In a B+ tree, if the search-key value is 8 bytes long, the block size is 512 bytes and the block pointer size is 2 bytes, then the maximum order of the B+ tree is ___________.

Which of the following is NOT a superkey in a relational schema with attributes $V,\;W,\;X,\;Y,\;Z$ and primary key $V\;Y$?

Which one of the following is NOT a part of the ACID properties of database transactions?

A database of research articles in a journal uses the following schema.
(VOLUME, NUMBER, STARTPAGE, ENDPAGE, TITLE, YEAR, PRICE)
The primary key is (VOLUME, NUMBER, STARTPAGE, ENDPAGE) and the following functional dependencies exist in the schema.
(VOLUME, NUMBER, STARTPAGE, ENDPAGE) → TITLE
(VOLUME, NUMBER) → YEAR
(VOLUME, NUMBER, STARTPAGE, ENDPAGE) → PRICE
The database is redesigned to use the following schemas.
(VOLUME, NUMBER, STARTPAGE, ENDPAGE, TITLE, PRICE)
(VOLUME, NUMBER, YEAR)
Which is the weakest normal form that the new database satisfies, but the old one does not?

Consider the following two phase locking protocol. Suppose a transaction T accesses (for read or write operations), a certain set of objects $\left\{O_1,\;...\;O_k\right\}$. This is done in the following manner:

Step1. T acquires exclusive locks to $O_1,\;...\;O_k$ in increasing order of their addresses.

Step2. The required operations are performed.

Step3. All locks are released.

This protocol will

B+ Trees are considered BALANCED because

Suppose a database schedule $S$ involves transactions $T_1,. . . , T_n$. Construct the precedence graph of S with vertices representing the transactions and edges representing the conflicts. If $S$ is serializable, which one of the following orderings of the vertices of the precedence graph is guaranteed to yield a serial schedule?

Consider the following database schedule with two transactions, $T1$ and $T2$.

$S=r_2\left(X\right);\;r_1\left(X\right);\;r_2\left(Y\right);\;w_1\left(X\right);\;r_1\left(Y\right);\;w_2\left(X\right);\;a_1;\;a_2$

where $r_i$(Z) denotes a read operation by transaction $T_i$ on a variable Z, $w_i$(Z) denotes a write operation by $T_i$ on a variable Z and $a_i$ denotes an abort by transaction $T_i$.

Which one of the following statements about the above schedule is TRUE?

Consider the following database table named water_schemes :

 water_schemes scheme_no district_name capacity 1 Ajmer 20 1 Bikaner 10 2 Bikaner 10 3 Bikaner 20 1 Churu 10 2 Churu 20 1 Dungargarh 10
The number of tuples returned by the following SQL query is ________ .

with total(name, capacity) as

select district_name, sum(capacity)
from water_schemes
group by district_name
with total_avg(capacity) as
select avg(capacity)
from total
select name
from total, total_avg
where total.capacity $\style{font-family:'Courier New'}\geq$ total_avg.capacity

SELECT operation in SQL is equivalent to

A file is organized so that the ordering of data records is the same as or close to the ordering of data entries in some index. Then that index is called

Consider an Entity-Relationship(ER) model in which entity sets E1 and E2 are connected by an m:n relationship R12. E1 and E3 are connected by a 1: (1 on the side of E1 and n on the side of E3) relationship R13.

E1 has two single-valued attributes a11 and a12 of which a11 is the key attribute. E2 has two single-valued attributes a21 and a22 of which is a21 the key attribute. E3 has two single-valued attributes a31 and a32 of which a31 is the key attribute. The relationships do not have any attributes.

If a relational model is the derived from the above ER model, then the minimum number of relations that would be generated if all the relations are in 3NF is _______.

Consider the following relations:

 Student Performance Roll_No Student _Name Roll_No Course Marks 1 Raj 1 Math 80 2 Rohit 1 English 70 3 Raj 2 Math 75 3 English 80 2 Physics 65 3 Math 80

Consider the following SQL query.

SELECT S. Student_Name, sum (P.Marks)
FROM Student S, Performance P
WHERE S.Roll_No = P.Roll_No
GROUP BY S.Student_Name

The number of rows that will be returned by the SQL query is _______.

Consider the following transaction involving two bank accounts x and y.
The constraint that the sum of the accounts x and y should remain constant is that of

With reference to the B+ tree index of order 1 shown below, the minimum number of nodes (including the Root node) that must be fetched in order to satisfy the following query: “Get all records a search key greater than or equal to 7 and less than 15” is ____.

Consider a simple checkpointing protocol and the following set of operations in the log.
(start, T4); (write, T4, y, 2, 3); (start, T1); (commit, T4); (write, T1, z, 5, 7);
(checkpoint);
(start, T2); (write, T2, x, 1, 9); (commit, T2); (start, T3), (write, T3, z, 7, 2);
If a crash happens now the system tries to recover using both undo and redo operations, what are the contents of the undo list and the redo list?

Consider two relations R1(A,B) with the tuples(1, 5), (3, 7) and R2(A, C) = (1, 7), (4, 9). Assume that R(A,B,C) is the full natural outer join of R1 and R2. Consider the following tuples of the form (A, B, C): a =(1, 5, null), =(1, null, 7), c = (3, null, 9), d = (4, 7, null), e = (1, 5, 7), f = (3, 7, null), g = (4, null, 9). Which one of the following statements is correct?

Consider the relation X(P, Q, R, S, T, U) with the following set of functional dependencies

F = {
{P, R} → {S, T},
{P, S, U} → {Q, R}
}

Which of the following is the trivial functional dependency in F+, where F+ is closure of F?

Consider the following relation
Which of the following options will be needed at the end of the SQL query
FROM Cinema P1
Such that it always finds the addresses of theaters with maximum capacity?

Consider a B+ tree in which the search key is 12 bytes long, block size is 1024 bytes, record pointer is 10 bytes long and block pointer is 8 bytes long. The maximum number of keys that can be accommodated in each non – leaf node of the tree is ______.

Consider the following partial Schedule S involving two transactions T1and T2. Only the read and the write operations have been shown. The read operation on data item P is denoted by read (P) and the write operation on data item P is denoted by write (P).

Suppose that the transaction T1 fails immediately after time instance 9. Which one of the following statements is correct?

Consider the relation scheme R = (E,F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N) and the set of functional dependencies {{E, F} → {G}, {F} → {I, J}, {E, H} → {K, L}, {K} → {M}, {L} → {N}} on R. What is the key for R ?

Given the following statements:

S1: A foreign key declaration can always be replaced by an equivalent check assertion in SQL.

S2: Given the table R(a,b,c) where a and b together form the primary key, the following is a valid table definition.
CREATE TABLE S (

a INTEGER,
d INTEGER,
e INTEGER,
PRIMARY KEY (d),
FOREIGN KEY (a) references R)

Which one of the following statements is CORRECT?

Consider the following four schedules due to three transactions (indicated by the subscript) using read and write on a data item x, denoted by r(x) and w(x) respectively. Which one of them is conflict serializable?

Given the following two statements:
S1: Every table with two single-valued attributes is in 1NF, 2NF, 3NF and BCNF.
S2: AB→C, D→E, E→C is a minimal cover for the set of functional dependencies AB→C, D→E, AB→E, E→C.
Which one of the following is CORRECT?

Given the following schema:
employees(emp-id, first-name, last-name, hire-date, dept-id, salary)
departments(dept-id, dept-name, manager-id, location-id)

You want to display the last names and hire dates of all latest hires in their respective departments in the location ID 1700. You issue the following query:
SQL>SELECT last-name, hire-date
FROM employees
WHERE (dept-id, hire-date) IN
(SELECT dept-id, MAX(hire-date)
FROM employees JOIN departments USING(dept-id)
WHERE location-id = 1700
GROUP BY dept-id);

What is the outcome?

The maximum number of superkeys for the relation schema R(E,F,G,H) with E as the key is _____.

Given an instance of the STUDENTS relation as shown below:

 StudentID StudentName StudentEmail StudentAge CPI 2345 Shankar shankar@math X 9.4 1287 swati swati@ee 19 9.5 7853 shankar shankar@cse 19 9.4 9876 swati swati@mech 18 9.3 8765 ganesh ganesh@civil 19 8.7

For (StudentName,StudentAge) to be a key for this instance,the value X should NOT be equal to ________.

Consider the following schedule S of transactions T1, T2, T3, T4:

Which one of the following statements is CORRECT?

Consider a join (relation algebra) between relations r(R) and s(S) using the nested loop method. There are 3 buffers each of size equal to disk block size, out of which one buffer is reserved for intermediate results. Assuming size (r(R))<size(s(S)), the join will have fewer number of disk block accesses if

SQL allows duplicate tuples in relations, and correspondingly defines the multiplicity of tuples in the result of joins. Which one of the following queries always gives the same answer as the nested query shown below:

select * from R where a in (select S.a from S)

What is the optimized version of the relation algebra expression ${\pi }_{A1}\left({\mathrm{\pi }}_{A2}\left({\mathrm{\sigma }}_{F1}\left({\mathrm{\sigma }}_{F2}\left(r\right)\right)\right)\right),$ where A1, A2 are sets of attributes in r with A1 ⊂ A2 and F1, F2 are Boolean expressions based on the attributes in r?

A prime attribute of a relation scheme R is an attribute that appears

Consider the transactions T1, T2, and T3 and the schedules S1 and S2 given below.

T1: r1(X); r1(Z); w1(X); w1(Z)
T2: r2(Y); r2(Z); w2(Z)
T3: r3(Y); r3(X); w3(Y)
S1: r1(X); r3(Y); r3(X); r2(Y); r2(Z); w3(Y); w2(Z); r1(Z); w1(X); w1(Z)
S2: r1(X); r3(Y); r2(Y); r3(X); r1(Z); r2(Z); w3(Y); w1(X); w2(Z); w1(Z)

Which one of the following statements about the schedules is TRUE?

Consider the relational schema given below, where eId of the relation dependent is a foreign key referring to empId of the relation employee. Assume that every employee has at least one associated dependent in the dependent relation.

employee (empId, empName, empAge)
dependent(depId, eId, depName, depAge)

Consider the following relational algebra query:

$\style{font-family:'Courier New'}{{\mathrm\pi}_\mathrm{empId}\left(\mathrm{employee}\right)-{\mathrm\pi}_\mathrm{empId}\left(\mathrm{employee}\bowtie_{\left(\mathrm{empId}=\mathrm{eID}\right)\wedge\left(\mathrm{empAge}\leq\mathrm{depAge}\right)}\mathrm{Dependent}\right)}$

The above query evaluates to the set of empIds of employees whose age is greater than that of

Consider the following relational schema:

employee(empId,empName,empDept)
customer(custId,custName,salesRepId,rating)

salesRepId is a foreign key referring to empId of the employee relation. Assume that each employee makes a sale to at least one customer. What does the following query return?

SELECT empName
FROM employee E
WHERE NOT EXISTS (SELECT custId
FROM customer C
WHERE C.salesRepId = E.empId
AND C.rating <> ’GOOD’);

An index is clustered, if

Consider the following relational schema.
Students(rollno: integer, sname: string)
Courses(courseno: integer, cname: string)
Registration(rollno: integer, courseno: integer, percent: real)
Which of the following queries are equivalent to this query in English?
“Find the distinct names of all students who score more than 90% in the course numbered 107”

(I) SELECT DISTINCT S.sname
FROM Students as S, Registration as R
WHERE R.rollno=S.rollno AND R.courseno=107 AND R.percent >90

(II) $\prod_\mathrm{sname}({\mathrm\sigma}_{\mathrm{courseno}=107\;\wedge\;\mathrm{percent}>90}(\mathrm{Registration}\;\bowtie\;\mathrm{Students})$

(III) {T | ∃S$\in$ Students, ∃ R$\in$ Registration ( S.rollno=R.rollno ∧ R.courseno=107 ∧ R.percent>90 ∧T.sname=S.sname)}

(IV) {<SN> | ∃SR ∃RP ( <SR, SN>$\in$ Students ∧ <SR, 107, RP>$\in$ Registration ∧ RP>90)}

Relation R has eight attributes ABCDEFGH. Fields of R contain only atomic values. F={CH→G, A→BC, B→CFH, E→A, F→EG} is a set of functional dependencies (FDs) so that F+ is exactly the set of FDs that hold for R.
How many candidate keys does the relation R have?

Relation R has eight attributes ABCDEFGH. Fields of R contain only atomic values. F={CH→G, A→BC, B→CFH, E→A, F→EG} is a set of functional dependencies (FDs) so that F+ is exactly the set of FDs that hold for R.

The relation R is

Which of the following is TRUE?

Given the basic ER and relational models, which of the following is INCORRECT?

Which of the following statements are TRUE about an SQL query?

P : An SQL query can contain a HAVING clause even if it does not have a GROUP BY clause
Q : An SQL query can contain a HAVING clause only if it has a GROUP BY clause
R : All attributes used in the GROUP BY clause must appear in the SELECT clause
S : Not all attributes used in the GROUP BY clause need to appear in the SELECT clause

Consider the following transactions with data items P and Q initialized to zero:

if P = 0 then Q := Q + 1 ;
write (Q).

if Q = 0 then P := P + 1 ;
write (P).

Any non-serial interleaving of T1 and T2 for concurrent execution leads to

Suppose R1(A, B) and R2(C, D) are two relation schemas. Let r1 and r2 be the corresponding relation instances. B is a foreign key that refers to C in R2. If data in r1 and r2 satisfy referential integrity constraints, which of the following is ALWAYS TRUE?

Consider the following relations A, B and C:

How many tuples does the result of the following relational algebra expression contain? Assume that the schema of A$\cup$B is the same as that of A.

$\style{font-family:Verdana}{\left(\mathrm A\cup\mathrm B\right)\bowtie_{\mathrm A.\mathrm{Id}>40\vee\mathrm C.\mathrm{Id}<15}\mathrm C}$

Consider the following relations A, B and C:

How many tuples does the result of the following SQL query contain?

SELECT A.Id
FROM A
WHERE A.Age > ALL (SELECT B.Age
FROM B
WHERE B.Name = ‘Arun’)

Consider a relational table with a single record for each registered student with the following attributes.

1. Registration_Num: Unique registration number of each registered student

2. UID: Unique identity number, unique at the national level for each citizen

3. BdnkAccount_Num: Unique account number at the bank. A student can have multiple accounts or joint accounts. This attribute stores the primary account number.

4. Name: Name of the student

5. Hostel_Room: Room number of the hostel

Which of the following options is INCORRECT?